List of Narcotics

LIST OF NARCOTIC DRUGS
UNDER INTERNATIONAL CONTROL
Prepared by the
INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD*
Vienna International Centre
P.O. Box 500
A-1400 Vienna, Austria
Internet address:  http://www.incb.org/
in accordance with the
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961**
Protocol of 25 March 1972 amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961
 ___________
* On 2 March 1968, this organ took over the functions of the Permanent Central Narcotics Board and the Drug supervisory Body,
retaining the same secretariat and offices.
** Subsequently referred to as “1961 Convention”. 2
PURPOSE
This document contains the current list of narcotic drugs under international control and additional
information to assist governments in filling in the International Narcotics Control Board questionnaires
related to narcotic drugs, namely, form A, form B and form C. It is divided into four parts:
Part 1 gives a list of narcotic drugs under international control; it is subdivided into three sections:
the first section listing those drugs included in Schedule I of the 1961 Convention and/or
Group I of the 1931 Convention, the second section listing those drugs in Schedule II of
the 1961 Convention and/or Group II of the 1931 Convention and the third section listing
those drugs in Schedule IV of the 1961 Convention and/or Group II of the 1931
Convention. The names and descriptions used are those given in the 1961 Convention or
in the official notifications of the Secretary-General of the United Nations. International
non-proprietary names recommended by the World Health Organization are printed
in bold type; in many cases the chemical formula is given to facilitate identification.
Part 2 lists the preparations of narcotic drugs exempted from some provisions and included in
Schedule III of the 1961 Convention.
Part 3 is a list in alphabetical order of the names given to the narcotic drugs other than the
names listed in Part 1, and other designations (mainly trade names) of preparations
containing narcotic drugs.

The frequent introduction by the  pharmaceutical industry of new preparations  of
narcotic drugs under international control, and the withdrawal of old ones, makes a
regular updating of the present list necessary for the effectiveness of controls.
In pursuit of this objective, the International Narcotics Control Board has now
established a database containing a list of  such preparations. Governments are
kindly requested to provide the International Narcotics Control Board with any
additions, deletions or other amendments concerning the present list.
Part 4  contains tables showing the pure anhydrous drug content of esters, ethers and salts of
narcotic drugs listed in the Schedules as well as the equivalents, in terms of the pure
anhydrous drug, of certain extracts and tinctures.
For further information on the names and the chemical and structural formulas of the drugs, see the
Multilingual Dictionary of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances under International Control
(ST/NAR/1). 3
1 NARCOTIC DRUGS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CONTROL
Section 1
Drugs Included in Schedule I of the 1961 Convention
Narcotic drugs Description/Chemical name
Acetorphine 3-O-acetyltetrahydro-7α-(1-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl)-6,14-endo-ethenooripavine
Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl N-[1-("-methylphenethyl)-4-piperidyl]acetanilide
Acetylmethadol  3-acetoxy-6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylheptane
Alfentanil N-[1-[2-(4-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl]-4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N-
phenylpropanamide
Allylprodine  3-allyl-1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine
Alphacetylmethadol α-3-acetoxy-6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylheptane
Alphameprodine α-3-ethyl-1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine
Alphamethadol α-6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanol
Alpha-methylfentanyl   N-[1-( α-methylphenethyl)-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
Alpha-methylthiofentanyl  N-[1-[1-methyl-2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
Alphaprodine  α-1,3-dimethyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine
Anileridine  1-p-aminophenethyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Benzethidine  1-(2-benzyloxyethyl)-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Benzylmorphine  3-benzylmorphine
Betacetylmethadol   β-3-acetoxy-6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylheptane
Beta-hydroxyfentanyl  N-[1-($-hydroxyphenethyl)-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
Beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl  N-[1-($-hydroxyphenethyl)-3-methyl-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
Betameprodine  β-3-ethyl-1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine
Betamethadol   β-6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanol
Betaprodine β-1,3-dimethyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine
Bezitramide 1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-(2-oxo-3-propionyl-1-benzimidazolinyl)piperidine
Cannabis and cannabis resin and
extracts and tinctures of cannabis
Indian hemp and resin of Indian hemp
Clonitazene   2-(p-chlorobenzyl)-1-diethylaminoethyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole
Coca leaf*
Cocaine   methyl ester of benzoylecgonine*
Codoxime   dihydrocodeinone-6-carboxymethyloxime
Concentrate of poppy straw  the material arising when poppy straw has entered into a process for the concentration of its
alkaloids when such material is made available in trade
Desomorphine   dihydrodeoxymorphine
Dextromoramide (+)-4-[2-methyl-4-oxo-3,3-diphenyl-4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)butyl]morpholine
Diampromide  N-[2-(methylphenethylamino)propyl]propionanilide
Diethylthiambutene 3-diethylamino-1,1-di(2’-thienyl)-1-butene
Difenoxin  1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenylisonipecotic acid
Dihydroetorphine  7,8-dihydro-7 α-[1-(R)-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl]-6,14-endo-ethanotetrahydrooripavine
  
 ___________
* For the calculation of estimates and statistics in accordance with the terms of the 1961 Convention, coca leaf preparations containing
more than 0.1 per cent of cocaine and made direct from coca leaf should be considered to be coca leaf (preparations).4
Narcotic drugs Description/Chemical name
Dihydromorphine
Dimenoxadol   2-dimethylaminoethyl-1-ethoxy-1,1-diphenylacetate
Dimepheptanol   6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanol
Dimethylthiambutene 3-dimethylamino-1,1-di(2'-thienyl)-1-butene
Dioxaphetyl butyrate ethyl-4-morpholino-2,2-diphenylbutyrate
Diphenoxylate   1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Dipipanone  4,4-diphenyl-6-piperidine-3-heptanone
Drotebanol 3,4-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6 β,14-diol
Ecgonine  its esters and derivatives which are convertible to ecgonine and cocaine
Ethylmethylthiambutene  3-ethylmethylamino-1,1-di(2’-thienyl)-1-butene
Etonitazene  1-diethylaminoethyl-2-p-ethoxybenzyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole
Etorphine   tetrahydro-7 α-(1-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl)-6,14-endo-ethenooripavine
Etoxeridine 1-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Fentanyl   1-phenethyl-4-N-propionylanilinopiperidine
Furethidine  1-(2-tetrahydrofurfuryloxyethyl)-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Heroin  diacetylmorphine
Hydrocodone dihydrocodeinone
Hydromorphinol 14-hydroxydihydromorphine
Hydromorphone dihydromorphinone
Hydroxypethidine 4-m-hydroxyphenyl-1-methylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Isomethadone   6-dimethylamino-5-methyl-4,4-diphenyl-3-hexanone
Ketobemidone 4-m-hydroxyphenyl-1-methyl-4-propionylpiperidine
Levomethorphan*  (-)-3-methoxy-N-methylmorphinan
Levomoramide (-)-4-[2-methyl-4-oxo-3,3-diphenyl-4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)butyl]morpholine
Levophenacylmorphan   (-)-3-hydroxy-N-phenacylmorphinan
Levorphanol*  (-)-3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan
Metazocine   2'-hydroxy-2,5,9-trimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan
Methadone   6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone
Methadone intermediate   4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylbutane
Methyldesorphine   6-methyl-∆
6
-deoxymorphine
Methyldihydromorphine   6-methyldihydromorphine
3-methylfentanyl   N-(3-methyl-1-phenethyl-4-piperidyl)propionanilide
3-methylthiofentanyl   N-[3-methyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
Metopon   5-methyldihydromorphinone
Moramide intermediate   2-methyl-3-morpholino-1,1-diphenylpropane carboxylic acid
Morpheridine   1-(2-morpholinoethyl)-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Morphine
Morphine methobromide and  other pentavalent nitrogen morphine derivatives including in particular the
morphine-N-oxide derivatives, one of which is codeine-N-oxide
Morphine-N-oxide
MPPP   1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol propionate (ester)
*Dextromethorphan ((+)-3-methoxy-N-methylmorphinan) and dextrorphan ((+)-3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan) are isomers specifically
excluded from this Schedule.
   5
Narcotic drugs Description/Chemical name
Myrophine   myristylbenzylmorphine
Nicomorphine 3,6-dinicotinylmorphine
Noracymethadol (  ±)-α-3-acetoxy-6-methylamino-4,4-diphenylheptane
Norlevorphanol   (-)-3-hydroxymorphinan
Normethadone   6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3-hexanone
Normorphine   demethylmorphine
Norpipanone   4,4-diphenyl-6-piperidino-3-hexanone
Opium*
Oxycodone   14-hydroxydihydrocodeinone
Oxymorphone  14-hydroxydihydromorphinone
Para-fluorofentanyl   4'-fluoro-N-(1-phenethyl-4-piperidyl)propionanilide
PEPAP   1-phenethyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol acetate (ester)
Pethidine   1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Pethidine intermediate A   4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine
Pethidine intermediate B   4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Pethidine intermediate C   1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid
Phenadoxone   6-morpholino-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone
Phenampromide   N-(1-methyl-2-piperidinoethyl)propionanilide
Phenazocine   2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-phenethyl-6,7-benzomorphan
Phenomorphan 3-hydroxy-N-phenethylmorphinan
Phenoperidine 1-(3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Piminodine   4-phenyl-1-(3-phenylaminopropyl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Piritramide   1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-(1-piperidino)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid amide
Proheptazine   1,3-dimethyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxyazacycloheptane
Properidine 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester
Racemethorphan (±)-3-methoxy-N-methylmorphinan
Racemoramide   (±)-4-[2-methyl-4-oxo-3,3-diphenyl-4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)butyl]morpholine
Racemorphan (±)-3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan
Remifentanil 1-(2-methoxy carbonylethyl)-4-(phenylpropionylamino)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester
Sufentanil   N-[4-(methoxymethyl)-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
Thebacon   acetyldihydrocodeinone
Thebaine
Thiofentanyl   N-[1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
Tilidine   (±)-ethyl-trans-2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate
Trimeperidine   1,2,5-trimethyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine
AND the isomers, unless specifically excepted, of the drugs in this Schedule whenever the existence of such isomers is possible within
the specific chemical designation;
the esters and ethers, unless appearing in another Schedule, of the drugs in this Schedule whenever the existence of such esters or
ethers is possible;
the salts of the drugs listed in this Schedule, including the salts of esters, ethers and isomers as provided above whenever the
existence of such salts is possible.
 ___________
*  For the calculation of estimates and statistics in accordance with the terms of the 1961 Convention, all preparations made direct from
opium are considered to be opium (preparations).  If the preparations are not made direct from opium itself but are obtained by a mixture of opium
alkaloids (as is the case, for example, with pantopon, omnopon and papaveretum) they should be considered as morphine (preparations).6
Section 2
Drugs Included in Schedule II of the 1961 Convention
Narcotic drugs Description/Chemical names
Acetyldihydrocodeine
Codeine   3-methylmorphine
Dextropropoxyphene   α-(+)-4-dimethylamino-1,2-diphenyl-3-methyl-2-butanol propionate
Dihydrocodeine
Ethylmorphine  3-ethylmorphine
Nicocodine  6-nicotinylcodeine
Nicodicodine   6-nicotinyldihydrocodeine
Norcodeine   N-demethylcodeine
Pholcodine  morpholinylethylmorphine
Propiram   N-(1-methyl-2-piperidinoethyl)-N-2-pyridylpropionamide
 AND the isomers, unless specifically excepted, of the drugs in this Schedule whenever the existence of such isomers is
possible within the specific chemical designation;
the salts of the drugs listed in this Schedule, including the salts of the isomers as provided above whenever the existence
of such salts is possible.
Section 3
Drugs Included in Schedule IV of the 1961 Convention
Narcotic drugs  Description/Chemical names
Acetorphine 3-O-acetyltetrahydro-7 α-(1-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl)-6,14-endo-ethenooripavine
Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl  N-[1 α -methylphenethyl)-4-piperidyl]acetanilide
Alpha-methylfentanyl  N-[1-( α-methylphenethyl)-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
Alpha-methylthiofentanyl  N-[1-[1-methyl-2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
Beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl  N-[1-( β-hydroxyphenethyl)-3-methyl-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
Beta-hydroxyfentanyl  N-[1-( β-hydroxyphenethyl)-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
Cannabis and Cannabis resin
Desomorphine dihydrodeoxymorphine
Etorphine tetrahydro-7 α-(1-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl)-6,14-endo-ethenooripavine
Heroin  diacetylmorphine
Ketobemidone 4-m-hydroxyphenyl-1-methyl-4-propionylpiperidine
3-methylfentanyl  N-(3-methyl-1-phenethyl-4-piperidyl)propionanilide
3-methylthiofentanyl  N-(3-methyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
MPPP  1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol propionate (ester)
Para-fluorofentanyl  4'-fluoro-N-(1-phenethyl-4-piperidyl)propionanilide
PEPAP  1-phenethyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol acetate (ester)
Thiofentanyl  N-[1-[2-(thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidyl]propionanilide
 AND the salts of the drugs listed in this Schedule whenever the formation of such salts is possible. 7
2
PREPARATIONS OF NARCOTIC DRUGS EXEMPTED FROM SOME PROVISIONS
AND WHICH ARE INCLUDED IN SCHEDULE III OF THE 1961 CONVENTION
1. Preparations of: Acetyldihydrocodeine,
Codeine,
Dihydrocodeine,
Ethylmorphine,
Nicocodine,
Nicodicodine,
Norcodeine and
Pholcodine
when compounded with one or more other ingredients and containing not more
than 100 milligrams of the drug per dosage unit and with a concentration of not
more than 2.5 per cent in undivided preparations.
2. Preparations of:  Propiram containing not more than 100 milligrams of propiram per dosage
unit and compounded with at least the same amount of methylcellulose.
3. Preparations of:  Dextropropoxyphene for oral use containing not more than 135 milligrams of
dextropropoxyphene base per dosage unit or with a concentration of not
more than 2.5 per cent in undivided  preparations, provided that such
preparations do not contain any substance controlled under the 1971
Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
4. Preparations of: Cocaine containing not more than 0.1 per cent of cocaine calculated as
cocaine base; and
Preparations of: Opium or morphine containing not more than 0.2 per cent of morphine
calculated as anhydrous morphine base and compounded with one or more
other ingredients and in such a way that the drug cannot be recovered by
readily applicable means or in a yield which would constitute a risk to public
health.
5. Preparations of:  Difenoxin containing, per dosage unit, not more than 0.5 milligram of
difenoxin and a quantity of atropine sulfate equivalent to at least 5 per cent of
the dose of difenoxin.
6. Preparations of:  Diphenoxylate containing, per dosage unit, not more than 2.5 milligrams of
diphenoxylate calculated as base and a quantity of atropine sulfate
equivalent to at least 1 per cent of the dose of diphenoxylate.
7. Preparations of:  Pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii compositus
10 per cent opium in powder
10 per cent ipecacuanha root, in powder well mixed with
80 per cent of any other powdered ingredient containing no drug.
8. Preparations conforming to any of the formulas listed in this Schedule and mixtures of such
preparations with any material which contains no drug.8
3
NAMES AND TRADE NAMES OF KNOWN PREPARATIONS OF NARCOTIC
DRUGS LISTED IN THE SCHEDULES OF THE 1961 CONVENTION
This part contains a list in alphabetical order of names given to the narcotic drugs under international
control and their known preparations in addition to the names listed in Schedules I and II of the 1961
Convention or Groups of the 1931 Convention. Synonyms and isomers are cross-referenced to the
names of the narcotic drugs as listed in part 1 of this document, which also includes other descriptions or
their chemical names.
Other names (mainly trade names) apply sometimes to pure drugs and sometimes to salts or to
preparations; in such cases, reference is made to the names given in part 1. The list of trade names does
not purport to be exhaustive, and the absence of the name of a preparation containing a narcotic drug
does not necessarily mean that this preparation is not under international control. It is possible that the
same designation may be used for different drugs or preparations in different countries; therefore, in
cases where there is ambiguity, it is recommended that the name of the substance in question should
always be checked against the chemical designation or formula.
For further information on the names and the chemical and structural formula of the drugs, see
Multilingual Dictionary of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances under International Control
(ST/NAR/1).
A
Abitran  Codeine
Acedicon  Thebacon
Acetomorphine  Heroin
Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl  see page 3 and 6
Acetyldemethylodihydrothebaine  Thebacon
Acetyldihydrocodeine  see page 6
Acetyldihydrocodeinone  Thebacon
Acetylmethadol see page 3
3-acetylmorphine  Morphine
6-acetylmorphine  Morphine
Actiq  Fentanyl
Adanon   Methadone
Adibeta  Codeine
Adolan   Methadone
Adolens  Pethidine
Afebralgo  Codeine
Aferin  Codeine
Afluol   Methadone
Alcioid  Dextromoramide
Alfentanil see page 3
Algafan  Dextropropoxyphene
Algantine   Pethidine
Algedol  Morphine
Algeril  Propiram
Algidon  Methadone
Algiespas  Codeine
Algifene  Dextropropoxyphene
Algil    Pethidine
Algolysin   Methadone
Algoxale    Methadone
Allay    Hydrocodone
Allylprodine see page 3
Alodan   Pethidine
Alperidine  Allylprodine
Alpha-methylfentanyl   see page 3 and 6
Alpha-methylthiofentanyl  see page 3 and 6
Alphacetylmethadol see page 3
l-alphacetylmethadol  alphacetylmethadol
Alphameprodine see page 3
Alphamethadol see page 3
Alphamin    Alphamethadol
Alphaprodine see page 3
Althrose    Methadone
Alvodine    Piminodine
Amacodone   Hydrocodone
Ambenyl  Hydrocodone
Amidalgon  Dioxaphetyl Butyrate
Amidiaz  Morphine
Amidol  Dimepheptanol
Amidone  Methadone
Amidosan    Methadone
Aminobutene  Dimethylthiambutene
Amiorel  Codeine
Amphosedal  Pethidine
Amtussin  Hydrocodone
Anakod  Codeine
Analmorph  Morphine
Anamorph  Morphine
Anexsia  Hydrocodone
Anileridine see page 3
Anodynos DHC   Hydrocodone
Anolor DH5  Hydrocodone
Anopridine  Piminodine
Antidol  Pethidine
Antiduol  Pethidine
Antigrippine  Codeine
Antispasmin  Pethidine 9
APC  Codeine
Apex  Codeine
Apodol  Anileridine
Apolo Morfina  Morphine
Arkodin  Codeine & Ethylmorphine
Artifene  Dextropropoxyphene
Artifene AN@ Dextropropoxyphene
Asekod  Codeine
Aseptobron Unicap  Hydrocodone
Asmalina     Pethidine
Assicodid  Hydrocodone
Assilaudid  Hydromorphone
Astramorph PF  Morphine
Atenorax  Etoxeridine
Atenos  Etoxeridine
Atuss MS  Hydrocodone
Azdone  Hydrocodone
B
Ban-Tuss   Hydrocodone
Bancap HC   Hydrocodone
Beatryl  Fentanyl
Bellalgina  Pethidine
Bemidone  Hydroxypethidine
Benamine Expectorans  Codeine
Benzethidine see page 3
Benzokodin  Codeine
Benzylmorphine  see page 3
Beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl  see page 3 and 6
Beta-hydroxyfentanyl  see page 3 and 6
Betacetylmethadol see page 3
Betameprodine see page 3
Betamethadol see page 3
Betaprodine see page 3
Bezitramide see page 3
Biatos   Hydrocodone
Biocodone   Hydrocodone
Biohisdex DHC  Hydrocodone
Biohisdine DHC  Hydrocodone
Biomorphyl  Hydromorphone
Bionin   Oxycodone
Bionone   Oxycodone
Biphenal    Hydroxypethidine or
Pethidine
Bisolvon Compositum  Codeine
Boncodal  Oxycodone
Brevafen  Alfentanil
Bromocod N  Codeine
Bromocodeina  Codeine
Bronchocodine  Codeine
Bronchodin  Hydrocodone
Bronchofluid  Codeine
Bronchol  Codeine
Broncodid longum  Hydrocodone
Broncoton  Codeine
Bronquibasol  Codeine
Brontuss  Dihydrocodeine
Bronchotussine  Codeine
Brosol  Codeine
Burgodin  Bezitramide
Buscalginol  Codeine
Butalgin  Methadone
C
Caldomine DH   Hydrocodone
Calmodid    Hydrocodone
Calmydone   Hydrocodone
Cannabis & Cannabis resin  see page 3 and 6
Canovex  Dextropropoxyphene
Capros  Morphine
Carbetidine  Etoxeridine
Cardanon  Oxycodone
Cardiasol Paracodina  Dihydrocodeine
Cardiostenol  Morphine
Centrac  Tilidine
Centralgine  Pethidine
Centralgin/e  Pethidine
Cerebrol  Codeine
Chalamonal  Fentanyl
Chem-Tuss   Hydrocodone
Chlorgest-HD  Hydrocodone
Cimadon  Piminodine
Cimex  Codeine
Citarin  Racemorphan
Citra    Hydrocodone
Citra Forte  Hydrocodone
Cleartuss  Hydrocodone
Cliradon  Ketobemidone
Clonitazene see page 3
Cloro Nona  Methadone
Cloruro mórfico  Morphine
Co-Efferalgan  Codeine
Co-gesic    Hydrocodone
Co Dafalgan   Codeine
Coca base  Coca leaf
Coca leaf  see page 3
Coca paste  Cocaine
Cocaine  see page 3
Codal  Hydrocodone
d-cocaine  Cocaine
Codamine    Hydrocodone
Codan  Hydrocodone
Codasel  Codeine
Codeigene  Codeine-N-oxide
Codeine  see page 6
Codeine-N-oxide  Morphine Methobromide & 10
other Pentavalent Nitrogen
Morphine Derivatives
Codeidol  Codeine
Codeinol  Codeine
Codeinon  Oxycodone
Codelasa  Codeine
Codenur  Codeine & Ethylmorphine
Codephal  Codeine
Codesona    Hydrocodone
Codetilina Eucaliptolo Hè  Ethylmorphine
Codiclear   Hydrocodone
Codicontine Retard  Dihydrocodeine
Codidoxal  Codeine
Codimal  Hydrocodone
Codinon  Hydrocodone
Codinovo    Hydrocodone  
Codipront  Codeine
Coditrate   Hydrocodone  
Codol  Codeine
Codone   Hydrocodone
Codoxime see page 3
Coedefen  Codeine
Cofacodide  Hydrocodone
Colapsil  Dextropropoxyphene
Coldeks  Codeine
Comtussin HC  Hydrocodone
Concentrate of poppy straw  see page 3
Contalgan  Morphine
Contalgin  Morphine
Contugesic  Dihydrocodeine
Cophylac   Normethadone
Corex  Codeine
Coristex DH    Hydrocodone
Coristine DH   Hydrocodone
Cormorphin  Hydromorphone
Corutol  Hydrocodone
Cosil    Hydrocodone
Cotanal-65  Dextropropoxyphene
Cotatate    Hydrocodone
Cotate DH   Hydrocodone
Cotuss-V  Hydrocodone
Coveral  Codeine
Curadol  Hydrocodone
Cyclimorph  Morphine
Cymidon  Ketobemidone
Cyndal  Hydrocodone
Cytuss  Hydrocodone
D
Dafalgan Codeina  Codeine
Dalmacol  Hydrocodone
Damason-P    Hydrocodone
Darvon  Dextropropoxyphene
Deatussan    Normethadone
Defrol  Dextropropoxyphene
Dekzofen  Dextropropoxyphene
Demer-Idine  Pethidine
Demerol   Pethidine
Dephedrine  Codeine
Deprancol  Dextropropoxyphene
Depridol  Methadone
Depronal retard  Dextropropoxyphene
Deptadol  Methadone
Desinflam Compuesto  Dextropropoxyphene
Desomorphine see page 3 and 6
Desone  Desomorphine
Detussin  Hydrocodone
Devasko  Codeine
Develin AS  Dextropropoxyphene
Develin retard  Dextropropoxyphene
Dexprofeno  Dextropropoxyphene
Dextromoramide see page 3
Dextropropoxyphene  see page 6
DF118  Dihydrocodeine
DHC  Dihydrocodeine
Diacetylmorphine   Heroin
Diaminon  Methadone
Diamorphine  Heroin
Diampromide see page 3
Dianone   Methadone
Diaphorm  Heroin
Diatab  Diphenoxylate
Dicodid  Hydrocodone
Dicodinon    Hydrocodone
Dicomal DH  Hydrocodone
Diconal  Dipipanone
Diconone  Hydrocodone
Dicotrate    Hydrocodone
Dicton  Codeine
Didor Continus  Dihydrocodeine
Didrate   Hydrocodone
Diethibutin  Diethylthiambutene
Diethyliambutene  Diethylthiambutene
Diethylthiambutene see page 3
Difenoxin see page 3
Difenoxylic acid  Difenoxin
Dihydrocodeine  see page 6
Dihydrocodeinone   Hydrocodone
Dihydrodesoxymorphine  Desomorphine
Dihydroetorphine  see page 3
Dihydrohydroxycodeinone  Oxycodone
Dihydrohydroxymorphinone  Oxymorphone
Dihydrokon   Hydrocodone
Dihydromorphine  see page 4
Dihydromorphinone  Hydromorphone
Dihydrone  Oxycodone
Diidrodin  Dihydrocodeine
Dilaudid  Hydromorphone 11
Dilaudid-5  Hydromorphone
Dilaudid-Atropin  Hydromorphone
Dilaudid-HP  Hydromorphone
Dimenoxadol see page 4
Dimepheprimine  Proheptazine
Dimepheptanol see page 4
Dimetane  Hydrocodone
Dimethibutin  Dimethylthiambutene
Dimethylthiambutene see page 4
Dimorlin  Dextromoramide
Dimorphid  Hydromorphone
Dimorphinon  Hydromorphone
Dimorphone   Hydromorphone
Dinacode N  Codeine
Dinarkon  Oxycodone
Dinicotinyl morphine  Nicomorphine
Dinofor  Morphine
Diocalm  Morphine
Dioctin  Difenoxin
Dionin  Ethylmorphine
Dionina  Ethylmorphine
Dioxaphetyl butyrate see page 4
Diphenoxylate see page 4
Diphenoxyle  Diphenoxylate
Dipidolor  Piritramide
Dipipanone see page 4
Disifelit  Fentanyl
Disipan   Methadone
Disket    Methadone
Dispadol  Pethidine
Distalgesic  Dextropropoxyphene
DM 4  Racemorphan
DM 8  Racemorphan
Dodonal   Pethidine
Dol    Pethidine
Dolacet   Hydrocodone
Doladamon  Codeine
Doladoman P  Codeine
Dolafin   Methadone
Dolamid  Methadone
Dolamina  Methadone
Dolanquifa   Pethidine
Dolantal  Pethidine
Dolantin/a  Pethidine
Dolantine  Pethidine
Dolantol  Pethidine
Dolaremil  Pethidine
Dolargan  Pethidine
Dolarin   Pethidine
Dolatol   Pethidine
Dolcontin  Morphine
Dolcontral  Pethidine
Dolcsona  Methadone
Dolenal   Pethidine
Dolestine    Pethidine
Doleval   Pethidine
Dolin  Pethidine
Dolinal   Pethidine
Dolind  Morphine
Dolisan   Pethidine
Dolisina  Pethidine
Dolisina "B"  Properidine
Dolmed    Methadone
Dolo Prolixan  Dextropropoxyphene
Dolocalm  Pethidine
Dolodorin  Oxycodone
Dolofrix  Codeine
Doloheptan   Methadone
Doloneurin   Pethidine
Dolopethin   Pethidine
Dolophine    Methadone
Dolopyrine  Codeine
Dolor  Pethidine
Dolorex  Methadone
Doloridine   Pethidine
Dolormin  Pethidine
Dolosal   Pethidine
Doloscopin  Dextropropoxyphene
Dolosil    Pethidine
Dolotard  Dextropropoxyphene
Doloksen  Dextropropoxyphene
Doloxene  Dextropropoxyphene
Dolphen    Hydrocodone
Dolsin  Pethidine
Doltard  Morphine
Dolvanol   Pethidine
Dolviran  Codeine
Donatussin    Hydrocodone
Donopen  Fentanyl
Dorexol    Methadone
Dorlise  Tilidine
Dosicodid  Hydrocodone
Dosilantine   Pethidine
DP1  Codeine
Dromoran  Levorphanol
Drotebanol see page 4
DTF  Methadone
Duocet  Hydrocodone
Duodin  Hydrocodone
Duradal HD  Hydrocodone
Duradyne   Hydrocodone
Duragesic  Fentanyl
Duralmol L.P.  Morphine
Duramorph  Morphine
Duratuss Hydrocodone
Durogesic Fentanyl
Durogesic TTS  Fentanyl
E12
Ecgonine see page 4
Eclorion    Heroin
ED TLC  Hydrocodone
ED Tuss HC  Hydrocodone
Efeko  Codeine
Efetal  Codeine
Efferalgan Codeina  Codeine
Emedrine  Opium
Emethibutin  Ethylmethylthiambutene
Emexel  Morphine
Endagen HD  Hydrocodone
Endal  Hydrocodone
Endal-HD  Hydrocodone
Endocet  Oxycodone
Endodan  Oxycodone
Endone  Oxycodone
Enplus-HD  Hydrocodone
Entuss  Hydrocodone
Entuss-D  Hydrocodone
Epidosan Compuesto  Codeine
Epimorph  Morphine
Eptadone    Methadone
Equimorphine  Oxycodone
Errecalma   Dextromoramide
Escofedal  Oxycodone
Escotussine  Dihydrocodeine
Espasmo-Cibalena Fuerte  Codeine
Espectocural  Codeine
Ethylmethiambutene  Ethylmethylthiambutene
Ethylmethylthiambutene see page 4
Ethylmorphine  see page 6
Etonitazene see page 4
Etopedolum  Etonitazene
Etopalin   Etonitazene
Etorphine see page 4 and 6
Etoxeridine see page 4
Etoxiscerol  Etoxeridine
Eubine   Oxycodone
Eucodal  Oxycodone
Eucodalum  Oxycodone
Eucodamine  Oxycodone
Eucon  Normethadone
Eucopon  Normethadone
Eucosan  Oxycodone
Eudin  Oxycodone
Eudol  Oxycodone
Eudolak  Pethidine
Eukdin  Oxycodone
Eukodal  Oxycodone
Eumorphal   Oxycodone
Euphon N  Codeine
Expectico  Hydrocodone
Expectosan  Codeine
Exo-Tuss  Hydrocodone
Extussin    Normethadone
F
Fabra 004  Fentanyl
Famel  Codeine
Fanaxal  Alfentanil
Farmebron Compuesto  Codeine
FDS Aspirin  Methadone
Feldin   Pethidine
Felidin  Pethidine
Fenadone  Methadone
Fenatsokin  Phenazocine
Fenekodin  Codeine & Ethylmorphine
Fenergan  Codeine
Fenpidon   Dipipapone
Fentaderm  Fentanyl
Fentahexal  Fentanyl
Fentaject  Fentanyl
Fentalim  Alfentanil
Fentamorf  Sufentanil
Fentamorf Forte  Sufentanil
Fentanest  Fentanyl
Fentanil/o  Fentanyl
Fentanyl see page 4
Fentastad  Fentanyl
Fentatienil  Sufentanil
Fentatienil Forte  Sufentanil
Fentax  Fentanyl
Fentuss  Hydrocodone
Fitotos  Codeine
p-fluorofentanyl  Para-flurofentanyl
Foral  Codeine
Fulpen  Codeine
Furethidine see page 4
Furex  Furethidine
G
G.N.O. 30 MG  Morphine
g-Tuss Hydrocodone
Gayakodin  Codeine
Gelonida  Codeine
Gencodin Tuss Hydrocodone
Genomorphine  Morphine-N-oxide
Geralgine K  Codeine
Gesic 5  Hydrocodone
Gevelina  Properidine
Gratidina   Pethidine
Gripkill  Ethylmorphine
Guiaphen HD    Hydrocodone13
H
H.E.S.    Methadone
Haldid  Fentanyl
Hederix Plan  Codeine
Hepagin  Phenadoxone
Heptadol    Methadone
Heptadon    Methadone
Heptalgin  Phenadoxone
Heptalin  Phenadoxone
Heptanal    Methadone
Heptanon    Methadone
Heptazone  Phenadoxone
Heptone  Phenadoxone
Heroin  see page 4 and 6
Hexafentanyl  Fentanyl
Hexalgon  Norpipanone
Hist-HC  Hydrocodone
Histex HC  Hydrocodone
Histinex  Hydrocodone
Histussin HC   Hydrocodone
Histussin  Hydrocodone
Hubacodid   Hydrocodone
Hy 5  Hydrocodone
Hy-Phen  Hydrocodone
Hyco-Pap   Hydrocodone
Hyco-V   Hydrocodone
Hycodan  Hydrocodone
Hycofed  Hydrocodone
Hycogesic   Hydrocodone
Hycomal DH  Hydrocodone
Hycomed  Hydrocodone
Hycomine    Hydrocodone
Hycon    Hydrocodone
Hycophen    Hydrocodone
Hycosin  Hydrocodone
Hycotuss    Hydrocodone
Hydro. Bitar   Hydrocodone
Hydro-Coff  Hydrocodone
Hydrocet    Hydrocodone
Hydrocodal  Oxycodone
Hydrocodeinon/e  Hydrocodone
Hydrocodin  Dihydrocodeine or
Hydrocodone
Hydrocodone see page 4
Hydrogesic  Hydrocodone
Hydrokon  Hydrocodone
Hydrolaudin    Oxycodone
Hydromat  Hydrocodone
Hydromet  Hydrocodone
Hydromine  Hydrocodone
Hydromorfon    Hydromorphone
Hydromorphan   Hydromorphone
Hydromorphinol see page 4
Hydromorphone  see page 4
Hydromorphone-N-oxide  Morphine Methobromide &
other Pentavalent Nitrogen
Morphine Derivatives
Hydropane   Hydrocodone
Hydropethidine  Hydroxypethidine
Hydrophed   Hydrocodone
Hydrophen   Hydrocodone
Hydrostad IR  Hydrocodone
Hydrotropine  Hydrocodone
Hydrotuss  Hydrocodone
Hydrotussin  Hydrocodone
Hydroxypethidine see page 4
Hyfed    Hydrocodone
Hymorphan   Hydromorphone
Hyphen HD  Hydrocodone
Hypnorm  Fentanyl
Hytussin    Hydrocodone
I
Ibukod  Codeine
Immobilon  Etorphine
Infumorph  Morphine
Innovan  Fentanyl
Innovar  Fentanyl
Ipeca  Codeine
Ipecarin  Codeine
Ipropethidine  Properidine
Isoadanon   Isomethadone
Isoamidone   Isomethadone
Isococaine  Cocaine
Isomethadone see page 4
Isonipecaine    Pethidine
Isopedine  Properidine
Isopromedol  Trimeperidine
Ivonal  Fentanyl
J
Jetrium  Dextromoramide
Jucodine  Codeine & Ethylmorphine
K
Kadian  Morphine
Kapanol  Morphine or
Morphine-N-oxide
Ketalgin/e  Methadone
Ketobemidone see page 4 and 6
Ketodur  Ketobemidone
Ketogan  Ketobemidone
Ketogan Novum  Ketobemidone 14
Ketogin  Ketobemidone
KG-Dal HD  Hydrocodone
KG-Tuss HD  Hydrocodone
KG Tussin  Hydrocodone
Kitadol  Tilidine
Klosidol  Dextropropoxyphene
Koden  Codeine
Kodineks  Codeine & Ethylmorphine
Kodipen  Codeine & Ethylmorphine
Kodis  Codeine & Ethylmorphine
Kodulumine  Codeine & Ethylmorphine
Kokain  Cocaine
Kolikodal    Hydrocodone
Koludine  Codeine & Ethylmorphine
Korylan  Codeine
Küramol  Codeine
Kwelcof   Hydrocodone
L
  
l-alphacetylmethadol  Alphacetylmethadol
L-Polamidon  l-methadone
L-Polamivet  l-methadone
LAAM  l-alphacetylmethadol
Lactocol  Codeine
Laudacon   Hydromorphone
Laudadin   Hydromorphone
Laudamed   Hydromorphone
Lealgin  Phenoperidine
Lemtidin   Pethidine
Lentadol  Dextropropoxyphene
Lentogesic  Dextropropoxyphene
Leptanal  Fentanyl
Leptofen  Fentanyl
Leritine  Anileridine
Levadone   Methadone
Levo-Dromoran  Levorphanol
Levomethadone  l-methadone
Levomethorphan see page 4
Levomoramide see page 4
Levorphan  Levorphanol
Levophenacylmorphan see page 4
Levorphanol see page 4
Limifen  Alfentanil
Lisofrin   Hydrocodone
Lokarin  Dimenoxadol
Lomotil  Diphenoxylate
Lonarid  Codeine
Lorcet  Hydrocodone
Lorcide    Hydrocodone
Lorfalgyl   Pethidine
Lorpac  Hydrocodone
Lortab  Hydrocodone
Lucayan  Tilidine
Lucodan    Hydromorphone
Ludicodine  Codeine & Ethylmorphine
Lydol   Pethidine
Lyspafene  Difenoxin
M
M 53   Ether of Etorphine
M 99  Etorphine
M 183  Acetorphine
M-Clear  Hydrocodone
M-Dolor  Morphine
M-END    Hydrocodone
M-Eslon  Morphine
M-Long  Morphine
Makatussin  Dihydrocodeine
Makatussin Forte  Dihydrocodeine
Maperidina  Pethidine
Marcof   Hydrocodone
Margesic H  Hydrocodone
Margesic Improved  Dextropropoxyphene
Mathadose  Methadone
Maxi-Tuss  Hydrocodone
Maxrel  Fentanyl
MCR  Morphine
Mecodin  Methadone
Medcodin  Hydrocodone
Medicap  Hydrocodone
Medicodal   Oxycodone
Medrinol    Pethidine
Medtuss  Hydrocodone
Mefedina    Pethidine
Megamor  Hydrocodone
Melson  Morphine
Mendelgina  Pethidine
Mepecton    Methadone
Mepergan  Pethidine
Meperidine/a  Pethidine
Mephemon    Methadone
Mephenon    Methadone
Mepidon  Normethadone
Mercodol    Hydrocodone
Merperidin  Pethidine
Metadón  Methadone
Metasedin   Methadone
Metazocine see page 4
Metebanyl   Drotebanol
Methadol  Dimepheptanol
d-methadone  Methadone
I-methadone  Methadone
Methadone see page 4
Methadone intermediate  see page 4
Methadose  Methadone
Methadyl acetate  Acetylmethadol 15
Methedine   Pethidine
Methidon    Methadone
Methobenzorphan  Metazocine
Methorphinan  Racemorphan
Methyldesomorphine  Methyldesorphine
Methyldesorphine see page 4
Methyldihydromorphine see page 4
Methyldihydromorphinone  Metopon
3-methylfentanyl   see page 4 and 6
3-methylthiofentanyl  see page 4 and 6
Methylmorphine  Codeine
Metopon see page 4
Miadone  Methadone
Micracalm  Codeine
Midadone    Methadone
Migraleve  Codeine
Mindol Merck  Ethylmorphine
Mitizan  Pethidine
MK 75  Methyldesorphine
Moheptan    Methadone
Monoacetylmorphine  Morphine
d-moramide  Dextromoramide
Moramide intermediate  see page 4
Morapid  Morphine
Morfi  Morphine
Morficontin  Morphine
Morfikon    Hydromorphone
Morfin/a  Morphine
Morfina serra  Morphine
Morflin  Morphine
Mornal  Morphine
Morphalgin  Morphine
Morphin  Morphine
Morphin B.I.  Morphine
Morphinaminoxyde  Morphine-N-oxide
Morphine  see page 4
Morphine methobromide  see page 4
Morphine-D3  Morphine
Morphine-N-oxide  see page 4
Morphinsulfat  Morphine
Morphinum hydrocloricum  Morphine
Morphitec  Morphine
Morphodid   Hydromorphone
Morpholinoethylnorpethidine  Morpheridine
Morsan  Morphine
Mortha  Morphine
Motrax Plus  Dextropropoxyphene
M.O.S.   Morphine
M.O.S.-SR  Morphine
Moscontin  Morphine
MPPP  see page 4 and 6
MS Contin  Morphine
MS/L  Morphine
MS/S  Morphine
MS-IR  Morphine
MSI  Morphine
MSIR  Morphine
MSR  Morphine
MST  Morphine
MST Continus  Morphine
MST Unicontinus  Morphine
MSTW  Morphine
Multacodin  Hydrocodone
Mundidol  Morphine
MXL  Morphine
Mycodone    Hydrocodone
Myristylbenzymorphine  Myrophine
Myrophine see page 4
N
N-Tussen    Hydrocodone
Nafluvent  Fentanyl
Nalex DH    Hydrocodone
Narcidine  Phenazocine
Narcobasina  Oxycodone
Narcodal    Oxycodone
Narcofor    Pethidine
Narcolo  Dextromoramide
Narcophedrin   Oxycodone
Narcosin  Oxycodone
Nargenol    Oxycodone
Nargevet    Oxycodone
Nasatuss  Hydrocodone
Natuscap Retard  Codeine
Negadol  Thebacon
Neo Codion N  Codeine
Neo Makatussine N  Dihydrocodeine
Neocalmans  Morphine
Neocode  Hydrocodone
Neocodin/e  Codeine & Ethylmorphine
Nepenthe  Morphine
Nicaroa  Normethadone
Nicocodine  see page 6
Nicodicodine  see page 6
Nicomorphine see page 5
Nicophine  Nicomorphine
Nicotinoylcodeine  Nicocodine
Nisentil  Alphaprodine
Noracymethadol see page 5
Norcet    Hydrocodone
Norcodeine  see page 6
Norlevorphanol see page 5
Normedon  Normethadone
Normethadone see page 5
Normorphine see page 5
Nor-morphine-N-oxide  Morphine Methobromide &
other Pentavalent Nitrogen
Morphine Derivatives
Norpethidine  Pethidine Intermediate B 16
Norpipanone see page 5
Notuss    Hydrocodone
Novagesic  Dextropropoxyphene
Novahistex DH   Hydrocodone
Novahistin  Hydrocodone
Novahistin DM  Hydrocodone
Novicodina   Hydrocodone
Novo Klosidol  Dextropropoxyphene
Novocodon    Thebacon
Novolaudon   Hydromorphone
Nucodan   Oxycodone
Numorphan   Oxymorphone
Nyodid    Hydrocodone
O
Oblioser  Morphine
Ocytonargenol  Oxycodone
Oglos  Morphine
Ohton  Dimethylthiambutene
OMS Concentrate  Morphine
Oncet  Hydrocodone
Operidine  Phenoperidine
Opidol  Hydromorphone
Opidol Retard  Hydromorphone
Opitard  Morphine
Opium see page 5
Optalgin   Methadone
Opton   Oxycodone
Opystan    Pethidine
Oramorph  Morphine
Oramorph R  Morphine
Oramorph SR  Morphine
ORLAAM  l-alphacetylmethadol
Otati  Dextropropoxyphene
Otianest  Cocaine
Oxanest  Oxycodone
Oxikon  Oxycodone
Oximorfona Chobert   Oxymorphone
Oxy-dolantin  Hydroxypethidine
Oxycet  Oxycodone
Oxycocet   Oxycodone
Oxycodan   Oxycodone
Oxycodone see page 5
Oxycodyl   Oxycodone
Oxycontin  Hydroxypethidine  or
Oxycodone
Oxygesic  Oxycodone
Oxykodal   Oxycodone
Oxymorphone see page 5
Oxynorm  Oxycodone
Oxypetidin  Hydroxypethidine
P
Pacofen Codeine
Padrina  Hydrocodone
Palfium  Dextromoramide
Palfivet  Dextromoramide
Palia Capsulas  Pholcodine
Palladone  Hydromorphone
Pamedone  Dipipanone
Pamergan    Pethidine
Pan-Opin  Opium
Panalgen    Methadone
Panalvon  Dextropropoxyphene
Pancodine   Oxycodone
Pancodone Narphen  Phenazocine
Pangerin  Dimepheptanol
Pankopan  Codeine
Panlor  Hydrocodone
Pantalgine  Pethidine
Para-fluorofentanyl  see page 5 and 6
Paracodin N  Dihydrocodeine
Paracodin/a  Dihydrocodeine
Paracodine  Dihydrocodeine
Paracodine Retard  Dihydrocodeine
Paramorfan  Dihydromorphine
Parasedin   Methadone
Paregoric  Opium
Paveral  Codeine
Pavinal  Oxycodone
Pectamed  Codeine
Pecto Baby  Pholcodine
Pectocalmine  Codeine
Pektoral  Codeine
Pentrodin  Codeine
Penumbrol   Oxycodone
PEPAP  see page 5 and 6
Percocet  Oxycodone
Percodan    Oxycodone
Percode  Codeine
Percoral    Hydromorphone
Perdolat  Tilidine
Permonid  Desomorphine
Peronin  Myrophine
Peronine  Benzylmorphine
Pertussex Compositum  Codeine
Pervioral  Pholcodine
Petalgin    Methadone
Pethadol    Pethidine
Pethanal    Pethidine
Pethidin  Pethidine
Pethidine see page 5
Pethidine intermediate A   see page 517
Pethidine intermediate B   see page 5
Pethidine intermediate C  see page 5
Pethidol    Pethidine
Pethilorfan    Pethidine
Pethoid  Pethidine
Petidina  Pethidine
Petigan  Pethidine
Phenadon    Methadone
Phenadoxone see page 5
Phenaemal  Phenadoxone
Phenampromide see page 5
Phenazocine see page 5
Phenobenzorphan  Phenazocine
Phenomorphan see page 5
Phenoperidine see page 5
Phenopropidine  Phenoperidine
Phensedyl  Codeine
Phenyldimazone    Normethadone
Phenylpiperone  Dipipanone
Phol Tussil  Pholcodine
Phol Tux Expectorans  Pholcodine
Pholcodine see page 6
Physeptone  Methadone
Piminodine see page 5
Pipadone   Dipipanone
Piperidylamidone  Dipipanone
Piperidylmethadone  Dipipanone
Pipidone  Dipipanone
Piraud-Pect  Codeine
Piribenzamina  Codeine
Piridolan  Piritramide
Piridosal   Pethidine
Piritramide see page 5
Pirosal  Codeine
Pleumolysin  Codeine
PMS  Hydromorphone
Polamidon   Methadone
Polamivet   Methadone
Polygesic   Hydrocodone
Poly Tussin    Hydrocodone
Porfolan    Methadone
PP-Cap  Dextropropoxyphene
Precedyl    Pethidine
Prinadol  Phenazocine
Prisilidene  Alphaprodine
Pro-Meperdan   Pethidine
Proheptazine see page 5
Proladone   Oxycodone
Prolex  Hydrocodone
Promedol  Trimeperidine
Pronarcin   Oxycodone
Propachem   Hydrocodone
Propain  Hydrocodone
Properidine see page 5
Propiram  see page 6
Propoxifeno  Dextropropoxyphene
Propoxyphene  Dextropropoxyphene
Protuss  Hydrocodone
Proxyphezone  Dextropropoxyphene
Pseudococaine  Cocaine
Pseudocodeine  Codeine
Psicaine  Cocaine
Psyquil Compositum   Pethidine
PV Tussin   Hydrocodone
Pyrrolamidol   Dextromoramide
Q
Quotidine    Methadone
Quotidon  Methadone
Q.V. Tussin   Hydrocodone
R
R 875  Dextromoramide
R 1132  Diphenoxylate
R 1406  Phenoperidine
R 3365  Piritramide
R 39209   Alfentanil
R 4263  Fentanyl
R 4845  Bezitramide
Racemethorphan see page 5
Racemoramide see page 5
Racemorphan see page 5
Radipon  Codeine
Radyocodine  Codeine
Rapifen   Alfentanil
Reasec  Diphenoxylate
Recindal  Hydrocodone
Rectoceptal  Pholcodine
Relipain  Morphine
Remedacen  Dihydrocodeine
Remifentanil  see page 5
Rescudose  Morphine
Resulin   Hydrocodone
Resyl Plus  Codeine
RMS  Morphine
RMS Uniserts  Morphine
Ro-Codone    Hydrocodone
Robidone  Hydrocodone
Rogesic   Hydrocodone
Roni-Tuss    Hydrocodone
Rotussin SRC    Hydrocodone
Roxanol  Morphine
Roxicet  Oxycodone
Roxicodone  Oxycodone
Roxiprin  Oxycodone
Ru-Tuss Hydrocodone18
S
S-T Forte  Hydrocodone
S.M. Beta Retard  Morphine
Saintbois  Ethylmorphine
Sanasmol  Oxycodone
Sano-Tuss  Codeine
Sauteralgyl  Pethidine
Scolaudol    Hydromorphone
Scopedron    Oxycodone
Scopermid  Desomorphine
Scophedal    Oxycodone
Scophol   Oxycodone
Sedamidone   Methadone
Sedeks B  Codeine
Sedo-Rapide  Methadone
Sédol  Morphine
Sekodin  Codeine
Senodin-An  Codeine
Septa-Om  Methadone
Sevre-Long  Morphine
Sevredol  Morphine
Simesalgina  Pethidine
Sin-algin    Methadone
Sinalgen  Hydrocodone
Sinkonin  Hydrocodone
Sintenyl  Fentanyl
Sintiodal    Oxycodone
Skenan  Morphine
Slovalgin  Morphine
Solucodan    Hydrocodone
Solucamphre  Codeine
Sophidone LP  Hydromorphone
Spantuss HD  Hydrocodone
Spasma  Morphine
Spasmedal  Pethidine
Spasmexine   Pethidine
Spasmo-algolysin  Methadone
Spasmo-dolisina  Properidine
Spasmo Barbamine Compositum  Codeine
Spasmo Cibalgine Compositum  Codeine
Spasmodolin  Pethidine
Spasmofen  Morphine
Spasmomedalgin  Pethidine
Spasmopan  Codeine
Spasmoplus  Codeine
Spasmosol  Morphine
Spasmoxale  Dioxaphetyl Butyrate
Spedro  Codeine
SRM-Rhotard  Morphine
Stagesic  Hydrocodone
Statex  Morphine
Statuss Green   Hydrocodone
Stellorphine  Morphine
Stupenal  Oxycodone
Stupenone    Oxycodone
Sublimaze  Fentanyl
Sufenta  Sufentanil
Sufenta Forte  Sufentanil
Sufenta Mite  Sufentanil
Sufentanil see page 5
Supeudol    Oxycodone
Supotos  Codeine
Suppolosal   Pethidine
Supradol  Pethidine
Supragesic  Dextropropoxyphene
Supresin  Oxycodone
Supresin Forte  Oxycodone
SuTuss HC  Hydrocodone
Symoron   Methadone
Synkonin  Hydrocodone
Synlaudine   Pethidine
Synthanal    Methadone
Syrocol  Codeine
Syrup #4  Hydrocodone
T
T-Gesic  Hydrocodone
Talvosilen  Codeine
Tanyl  Fentanyl
Tarminent  Codeine
Taurocolo    Normethadone
Tebacon   Thebacon
Tebodal   Oxycodone
Tecodine  Oxydone
Tega-Tussin  Hydrocodone
Temsaljin  Codeine
Teredan   Hydrocodone
Thalamonal  Fentanyl
Theba-Intran  Morphine
Thebacetyl   Thebacon
Thebacon see page 5
Thebaine  see page 5
Themalon  Diethylthiambutene
Theraflu C&C  Codeine
Thiofentanyl  see page 5 and 6
Tiamon Mono  Dihydrocodeine
Ticarda   Normethadone
Tikapect  Normethadone
Tilidin  Tilidine
Tilidine  see page 5
Tilitrate  Tilidine
Tinafon  Normethadone
Tinctura Opii  Opium
Toleron  Tilidine
Tossamine  Codeine 19
Toxambay  Codeine
Treuphadol Plus  Codeine
Triaminic    Hydrocodone
Tricodeine  Codeine
Trimeperidine  see page 5
Tucodil   Hydrocodone
Turanone  Methadone
Tuscodin  Dihydrocodeine or
Hydrocodone
Tuss  Hydrocodone
Tussadur HD  Hydrocodone
Tussafed HC  Hydrocodone
Tussafin  Hydrocodone
Tussal      Methadone
Tussaminic DH  Hydrocodone
Tussanil  Hydrocodone
Tusscodin retard  Nicocodine
Tussend   Hydrocodone
Tusset    Hydrocodone
Tussgen   Hydrocodone
Tussifed  Codeine
Tussigon  Hydrocodone
Tussin V  Hydrocodone
Tussionex    Hydrocodone
Tussioney    Hydrocodone
Tusso  Codeine
Tylox  Oxycodone
Tyrodone  Hydrocodone
U
U-Gesic Hydrocodone
Ultiva  Remifentanil
Ultragesic  Hydrocodone  Ult i
Uni-Tuss HC  Hydrocodone
Uquicodid    Hydrocodone
  
V
Valbine    Oxycodone
Valoren  Tilidine
Valoron  Tilidine
Valtran  Tilidine
Vanacon  Hydrocodone
Vanex  Hydrocodone
Vanex-HD  Hydrocodone
Vatrem  Dextropropoxyphene
Vemonyl  Methadone
Vendal  Morphine or Nicomorphine
Vendone  Hydrocodone
Veryl   Normethadone
Vetuss HC  Hydrocodone
Vicefeno  Dextropropoxyphene
Vicodin    Hydrocodone
Vicoprofen  Hydrocodone
Vidone  Hydrocodone
Vilan  Nicomorphine
Vitamidona    Pethidine
Vitussin Hydrocodone
Volpan  Codeine
W
Wellconal Dipipanone
Winadeine  Codeine
X
Xalgix  Dextropropoxyphene
  
Y
Ydrocod   Hydrocodone
  
Z
Zefalgin   Methadone
Zeller  Codeine
Zydone    Hydrocodone
   20
4
TABLES SHOWING THE PURE ANHYDROUS DRUG CONTENT OF DRUGS LISTED IN
THE SCHEDULES OF THE 1961 CONVENTION
Table 1
Drugs and conversion factors for esters, ethers and salt
Calculated on the basis of the pure anhydrous drug contents
Drug      Ester/ether/salt
Approximate
pure
anhydrous
drug content
(percentage)
Acetorphine Hydrochloride 93
Acetyldihydrocodeine  Hydrochloride  90
Alfentanil  Hydrochloride (1H2O)  88
Allylprodine  Hydrochloride  89
Alpha-methylfentanyl  Hydrochloride  91
Alpha-methylthiofentanyl  Hydrochloride  91
Alphacetylmethadol  Hydrochloride  91
Alphaprodine  Hydrochloride  88
Anileridine  Dihydrochloride  83
Phosphate  78
Benzethidine  Hydrobromide  82
Hydrochloride  91
Benzylmorphine  Hydrochloride  91
Methylsulfonate  80
Beta-hydroxyfentanyl  Hydrochloride  91
Beta-hydroxy-3-  Hydrochloride  91
   methylfentanyl
Betaprodine  Hydrochloride  88
Bezitramide  Hydrochloride  93
Clonitazene  Hydrochloride  91
Methylsulfonate  80
Benzoate  71
Borate  83
Citrate  83
Formate  87
Hydriodide  70
Hydrobromide  79
Hydrochloride  89
Lactate  77
Nitrate (2H2O)  83
Salicylate  69
Sulfate  76
Cocaine
Tartrate  80
Codeine  Base (1H2O)  94
Acetate (2H2O)  76
Allobarbiturate  59
Barbiturate  62
Camphosulfonate  56
Citrate  82
Cyclobarbiturate  56
Cyclopentobarbiturate  57
Drug      Ester/ether/salt
Approximate
pure
anhydrous
drug content
(percentage)
Codeine (cont’d)  Hydriodide  70
Hydrobromide (2H2O)  72
Hydrochloride (2H2O)  81
Methylbromide  76
Phenobarbiturate  56
Phosphate (½H2O)  74
Phosphate (1½H2O)  71
  
Salicylate  68
Sulfate  86
Sulfate (3H2O)  80
Sulfate (5H2O)  76
Codeine-N-oxide  Hydrochloride (1H2O)  85
Hydrobromide  77
Hydrochloride  88
Desomorphine
Sulfate (2H2O)  80
Bitartrate  72
Dihydrochloride  84
Dextromoramide
Hydrochloride  92
Dextropropoxyphene  Hydrochloride  90
Napsylate (1H2O)  60
Diampromide  Sulfate  77
Diethylthiambutene  Hydrochloride  89
Difenoxin  Hydrochloride  92
Bitartrate  67
Bitartrate (1H2O)  64
Hydrochloride  89
Phosphate  75
Dihydrocodeine
Thiocyanate  84
6-glucuronide  62
Hydriodide  69
Hydrochloride  89
Dihydromorphine
Picrate  56
Dimenoxadol  Hydrochloride  90
Dimepheptanol  Hydrochloride  90
Dimethylthiambutene  Hydrochloride  88
Dioxaphetyl butyrate  Hydrochloride  91
Diphenoxylate  Hydrochloride  93
Hydrobromide  81
Hydrochloride  91
Dipipanone
Hydrochloride (1H2O)  87
Ecgonine  2,6-dimethylbenzoylmethylester 5621
Drug      Ester/ether/salt
Approximate
pure
anhydrous
drug content
(percentage)
Ecgonine (cont’d)  Benzoylester (4H2O)  51
Benzoylethylester  58
Benzoylpropylester  56
Cinnamoylmethylester  56
Difluorobenzoylester  47
Ethylester  87
Hydrochloride  84
meta-hydroxybenzoylester  49
Methylester  93
Methylester Hydrochloride  79
Phenylacetylmethylester  58
Ethylmethylthiambutene  Hydrochloride 88
Camphosulfonate  57
Hydrobromide  80
Hydrochloride (2H2O)  81
Methyliodide  69
Ethylmorphine
Phenobarbiturate  57
Etonitazene  Hydrochloride  92
Etorphine  3-methylether  97
Hydrochloride  92
Etoxeridine  Hydrochloride  90
Fentanyl  Citrate  64
Hydrobromide  82
Methyliodide  72
Furethidine
Picrate  61
Heroin  Hydrochloride (1H2O)  87
Methyliodide  72
Bitartrate (2½H2O)  61
Citrate  61
Hydriodide  70
Hydrochloride (1H2O)  85
Hydrochloride (2H2O)  81
Hydrochloride (2½H2O)  79
Methyliodide  68
Phosphate  75
Hydrocodone
Terephthalate  64
Hydromorphinol  Bitartrate (1H2O)  64
Hydrochloride (3H2O)  77
3-glucuronide  62
Hydrochloride  89
Sulfate  85
Hydromorphone
Terephthalate  63
Hydroxypethidine  Hydrochloride  88
Hydrobromide  79
Hydrochloride  89
Isomethadone
Hydrochloride (1H2O)  85
Ketobemidone  Hydrochloride  87
Levomethorphan  Bitartrate  64
Hydrobromide  77
Drug      Ester/ether/salt
Approximate
pure
anhydrous
drug content
(percentage)
Levomoramide Dihydrochloride 84
Levophenacylmorphan  Hydrochloride  91
Methylsulfonate  79
Levorphanol  Bitartrate (2H2O)  58
Hydrochloride  88
Metazocine  Hydrobromide  74
Hydrochloride (1H2O)  81
Bitartrate  67
Hydrobromide  79
Methadone
Hydrochloride  90
Methyldesorphine  Hydrochloride  89
3-methylfentanyl  Hydrochloride  91
3-methylthiofentanyl  Hydrochloride  91
Metopon  Hydrochloride  89
Morpheridine  Dihydrochloride  83
Picrate  60
Base (1H2O)  94
Acetate (3H2O)  71
Citrate  82
3,6-diglucuronide  45
Gluconate  59
3-glucuronide  62
6-glucuronide  62
Hydriodide (2H2O)  64
Hydrobromide  78
Hydrobromide (2H2O)  71
Hydrochloride  89
Hydrochloride (3H2O)  76
Hypophosphite  81
Isobutyrate  76
Lactate  76
Meconate (5H2O)  66
Methylbromide  75
Methylchloride  85
Methyliodide  67
Methylsulfonate  75
3-monoacetyl  87
6-monoacetyl  87
Mucate  58
Nitrate  82
Phenylpropionate  66
Phosphate (½H2O)  73
Phthalate (5H2O)  69
3-propionyl  84
Stearate  50
Sulfate (5H2O)  75
Tartrate (3H2O)  74
Morphine
Valerate  7422
Drug      Ester/ether/salt
Approximate
pure
anhydrous
drug content
(percentage)
Morphine-N-oxide  Quinate  60
Myrophine Hydrochloride 94
MPPP  Hydrochloride  87
Nicocodine  Hydrochloride  92
Nicomorphine  Hydrochloride  93
Noracymethadol  Gluconate  63
Hydrochloride  90
Acetate  83
Hydriodide (1H2O)  66
Hydrochloride (3H2O)  76
Nitrate  82
Platinichloride  58
Norcodeine
Sulfate  74
Norlevorphanol  Hydrobromide  75
Hydrochloride  87
Hydrobromide  79
Hydrochloride  89
Methyliodide  68
Oxalate  77
Normethadone
Picrate  56
Normorphine  Base (6H2O)  72
Hydrochloride (1H2O)  83
Norpipanone  Hydrobromide  81
Hydrochloride  90
Bitartrate  68
Camphosulfonate  58
Hydrochloride  90
Hydrochloride (3H2O)  78
Phenylpropionate  68
Phosphate  76
Oxycodone
Terephthalate  79
Oxymorphone  Hydrochloride  89
Hydrochloride (1H2O)  85
Para-fluorofentanyl  Hydrochloride  91
PEPAP  Hydrochloride  90
Pethidine  Hydrochloride  87
Pethidine intermediate B  Hydrobromide  74
Hydrochloride  86
Phenadoxone  Hydrochloride  91
Phenampromide  Hydrochloride  88
Hydrobromide  80
Hydrobromide (½H2O)  78
Hydrochloride  90
Phenazocine
Methylsulfonate  77
Drug      Ester/ether/salt
Approximate
pure
anhydrous
drug content
(percentage)
Bitartrate (1H2O)  67
Hydrobromide  81
Phenomorphan
Methylbromide  79
Phenoperidine  Hydrochloride  91
Base (1H2O)  96
Bitartrate (3H2O)  52
Citrate  67
Guaiacolsulfonate  66
Hydrochloride  92
Phenylacetate  75
Phosphate  80
Sulfonate  83
Pholcodine
Tartrate  73
Piminodine  Dihydrochloride  83
Ethylsulfonate  77
Citrate  59
Hydrobromide  77
Proheptazine
Hydrochloride  88
Properidine  Hydrochloride  88
Propiram  Fumarate  70
Racemethorphan  Bitartrate  64
Hydrobromide  77
Bitartrate  72
Dihydrochloride  84
Racemoramide
Tartrate (4H2O)  64
Bitartrate  63
Hydrobromide (½H2O)  74
Racemorphan
Hydrochloride  88
Remifentanil  Hydrochloride  91
Sufentanil  Citrate  67
Thebacon  Hydrochloride  90
Bitartrate  68
Bitartrate (1H2O)  65
Hydrochloride (1H2O)  85
Oxalate (1H2O)  74
Oxalate (6H2O)  61
Thebaine
Salicylate  69
Thiofentanyl  Hydrochloride  90
Hydrochloride  88
Hydrochloride (½H2O)  86
Tilidine
Phosphate  74
Trimeperidine  Hydrochloride  8823
Table 2
Equivalents, in terms of the pure anhydrous drug, of extracts and tinctures
Cannabis One kilogram of tincture is equivalent to about 100 grams of cannabis
One kilogram of extract is equivalent to about 7 kilograms of cannabis
Coca leaf*  One kilogram of tincture of coca leaf containing 0.1 per cent of cocaine, i.e. 1 gram of cocaine, should be
considered to be equivalent to 200 grams of coca leaf
 One kilogram of fluid extract of coca leaf containing 0.5 per cent of cocaine, i.e. 5 grams of cocaine, is
equivalent to 1 kilogram of coca leaf
Opium**  One kilogram of tincture is equivalent to 100 grams of opium
One kilogram of extract is equivalent to 2 kilograms of opium
 ___________
*For the calculation of estimates and statistics in accordance with the terms of the 1961 Convention, coca leaf preparations containing
more than 0.1 per cent of cocaine and made direct from coca leaf should be considered to be coca leaf (preparations).
**For the calculation of estimates and statistics in accordance with the terms of the 1961 Convention, all preparations made direct from
opium are considered to be opium (preparations). If the preparations are not made direct from opium itself but are obtained by a mixture of opium
alkaloids (as is the case, for example, with pantopon, omnopon and papaveretum) they should be considered as morphine (preparations).

Narcotic Abuse Treatment

• Overdose: An unconscious person suspected of overdosing on narcotics is given naloxone, a narcotic antagonist. When given intravenously, it is effective in one to two minutes in reversing the coma and respiratory depression caused by a narcotic.
• Withdrawal: Treating people who are addicted to narcotics is difficult. The most common long-term treatment of the narcotic withdrawal syndrome is substituting methadone for the illicit drug, followed by a slow process of then weaning the abuser off themethadone. Buprenorphine (Buprenex) is another medicine that can be used in the process of detoxification, with the concept being to replace one opioid (for example, heroin) with another and then taper the second opioid slowly.
• The drug clonidine (Catapres) has been shown to relieve some of the symptoms of withdrawal, especially salivation, runny nose, sweating, abdominal cramping, and muscle aches. Clonidine, when used in combination with naltrexone (ReVia), a long-acting narcotic antagonist, produces a more rapid detoxification.
• Buprenorphine is also used in the treatment of withdrawal symptoms

Exams and Tests

The initial diagnosis of narcotic overdose in the emergency department is made based on obtaining a history and considering the signs and symptoms that the patient is experiencing. Almost all unconscious people receive a drug called naloxone (Narcan), which is known as a narcotic antagonist because it blocks and reverses the effects of narcotics. After the initial resuscitation, opioids are easy to detect in a routine urine test. Information from friends and family or indicators such as pill bottles or drug paraphernalia may provide important clues to the emergency doctors about the person's drug use and abuse.

Information from friends and family or indicators such as pill bottles or drug paraphernalia may provide important clues to the emergency doctors about the person's drug use and abuse.

When to Seek Medical Care

People who use narcotics or other drugs of abuse and are interested in quitting should contact their doctor or local hospital for information on how to get involved with a detoxification and addiction recovery program.

• Any person suspected of narcotic overdose requires immediate medical attention and must be taken to a hospital's emergency department.
• The main physical signs of narcotic overdose are small pupils and respiratory depression (shallow breathing) that can lead to decreased oxygen in the blood, coma, and death.
• Street methods of overdose resuscitation, such as packing the person in ice or injecting milk or saliva, do not work.

Narcotic Abuse Symptoms

Narcotics users can develop tolerance, as well as psychological and physical dependence to opioids when they take them over an extended period of time.

• Tolerance refers to a decreased response to a drug, with increasing doses required to achieve comparable effects.
• Psychological dependence refers to compulsive drug use in which a person uses the drug for personal satisfaction, often in spite of knowing the health risks.
• Physical dependence occurs when a person stops using the narcotic but experiences a withdrawal syndrome (or set of symptoms).
• Signs and symptoms of narcotic abuse
• analgesia (feeling no pain),
• sedation,
• euphoria,
• respiratory depression (shallow breathing),
• small pupils, bloodshot eyes,
• nausea, vomiting,
• itching skin, flushed skin,
• constipation,
• slurred speech,
• confusion, poor judgment, and
• needle marks on the skin
.
• Signs and symptoms of narcotic withdrawal: The withdrawal syndrome from narcotics generally includes signs and symptoms opposite of the drug's intended medical effects. The severity of the withdrawal syndrome increases as the drug dose increases. The longer the duration of the physical dependence to the narcotic increases, the more severe the withdrawal syndrome. Symptoms of heroin withdrawal generally appear 12-14 hours after the last dose. Symptoms of methadone withdrawal appear 24-36 hours after the last dose. Heroin withdrawal peaks within 36-72 hours and may last seven to 14 days. Methadone withdrawal peaks at three to five days and may last three to four weeks. Although uncomfortable, acute narcotic withdrawal for adults is not considered life-threatening unless the person has a medical condition that compromises their health (for example, if someone has severeheart disease). Some of the signs and symptoms of narcotic withdrawal are listed below:
• Anxiety
• Irritability
• Craving for the drug
• Increased respiratory rate (rapid breathing)
• Yawning
• Runny nose
• Salivation
• Gooseflesh
• Nasal stuffiness
• Muscle aches
• Nausea or vomiting
• Abdominal cramping
• Diarrhea
• Sweating
• Confusion
• Enlarged pupils
• Tremors
• Lack of appetite

• Complications of narcotic abuse: Many complications can result from narcotic abuse, the most common being infectious conditions.
• Infections of the skin and deeper layers
• Abscesses in skin, lungs, and brain
• Infection of the heart valves
• Pneumonia
• Fluid in the lungs
• Liver dysfunction
• Intestinal slowdown
• Seizures
• Coma and other neurological complications
• Infectious arthritis
• Loss of menstrual cycle
• Overdose and death
• Premature and growth-retarded infants
• Neonatal withdrawal: Up to 70% of babies delivered from pregnant women who use narcotics experience neonatal withdrawal, a potentially fatal condition.

Narcotic Abuse Causes

Narcotic drugs produce their effect by stimulating opioid receptors in the central nervous system and surrounding tissues.

The abuse of narcotics occurs as a result of theeuphoria and sedation that narcotics produce within the central nervous system. Abusers of intravenously injected heroin describe the effects as a "rush" or orgasmic feeling followed by elation, relaxation, and then sedation orsleep.

Narcotics used for short-term medical conditions rarely require weaning since stopping the medication after a brief period rarely produces adverse effects. If circumstances allow, the dose for people using narcotics over an extended period of time for medical purposes is slowly lowered over a few weeks to prevent withdrawal symptoms. The goal is to wean individuals off narcotics so that they are pain-free or able to use a less potent nonnarcotic analgesic.

Narcotic Abuse Overview

Pain is one of the most common reasons people seek medical treatment. Doctors can prescribe several different drugs to relieve pain. The most potent pain-relieving drugs are narcotics.

In the United States, narcotics are widely prescribed to treat painful conditions. Narcotics are often prescribed in conjunction with other less potent drugs (such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications) or as a pill that has a combination of a narcotic with either acetaminophen (for example, Tylenol) or aspirin (Arthritis Pain, Aspergum Cherry, Aspergum Orginal, Aspir-Low, Aspirin Lite Coat, Aspirin Low Strength, Bayer Aspirin, Bayer Aspirin Regimen, Bayer Childrens Aspirin, Bufferin, Bufferin Arthritis Strength, Easprin, Ecotrin, Empirin, Fasprin, Genacote, Halfprin, Norwich Aspirin, St. Joseph Aspirin, St. Joseph Aspirin Adult Chewable, Stanback Analgesic, Tri-Buffered Aspirin, Zorprin). Acetaminophen is also commonly found in many different products that are available as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. With the public often using OTC products that contain acetaminophen as well as prescription narcotics that might also have acetaminophen, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has become concerned about dangerous interactions from combining these medications. There is not just the potential for narcotic abuse but the concern that patients are accidentally ingesting too muchacetaminophen from combining these products with the potential for severe liver damage or even death.

The use of prescription pain relievers without a doctor's prescription only for the experience or the feeling it causes is often called "nonmedical" use. Narcotic use is considered abuse when people use narcotics to seek feelings of well-being apart from the narcotic's pain-relief applications.

The U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA) report that after marijuana, nonmedical use of painkillers is the second most common form of illicit drug use in the United States. According to SAMHSA, 21% of people age 12 and older (5.2 million individuals) reported using prescription pain relievers nonmedically in 2007. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency suggests that the number of people abusing any prescription drugs is even higher at 7 million individuals.

SAMHSA's Drug Abuse Warning Network reported that approximately 324,000 emergency department visits in 2006 involved the nonmedical use of pain relievers (this includes both prescription and over-the-counter pain medications). According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, there were an estimated 90,232 emergency department visits related to narcotic analgesic abuse in 2001.

• Morphine (Avinza, Kadian, Morphine IR, MS Contin, MSIR, Oramorph SR, Roxanol) and codeine are natural derivatives of the opium poppy. Related medications that are semisynthetic include drugs such as heroin, oxycodone(Percocet, Percodan, OxyContin), and hydrocodone and acetaminophen(Vicodin). Synthetic medications in this class include drugs such asmethadone (Diskets, Dolophine, Methadose), meperidine (Demerol), andfentanyl. All medications in this group are called opiates or narcotics. Some chemicals, called endorphins, occur naturally in the body and produce a morphine-like effect.
• The most commonly abused illicit narcotic is heroin, but all prescription narcotics have the potential for abuse. In 2008, the Florida Medical Examiners Commission noted that prescription opioid painkillers (such as Vicodin, Percocet, and OxyContin) caused more deaths than illicit substances such as heroin.

Narcotics have many useful pain-relieving applications in medicine. They are used not only to relieve pain for people with chronic diseases such as cancer but also to relieve acute pain after operations. Doctors may also prescribe narcotics for painful acute conditions, such as corneal abrasions, kidney stones, and broken bones.

When people use narcotics exclusively to control pain, it is unlikely that they become addicted or dependent on them. A patient is given a dosage of opioids strong enough to reduce their awareness of pain but not normally potent enough to produce a euphoric state.

Adequate pain control is the goal for the medical use of narcotics. Thus, patients or health-care professionals should not allow fear of addiction to interfere with using narcotics for effective pain relief.

The difference between opioid abuse, dependence, and addiction

There is somewhat of a continuum between opioid abuse, opioid dependence, and addiction. Individuals who use narcotics to the extent that they start to interfere with the person's ability to do routine activities or fulfill regular responsibilities at home, at school, or at work would be considered to be abusing opioids. Other signs that individuals are abusing opioids include maladaptive behaviors that impact adversely on relationships, worsening of interpersonal problems, or frequent involvement with legal problems related to opioid use.

Individuals who have opioid dependence often will manifest some of the following symptoms.

• Ingestion of larger and larger amounts of opioids or for longer periods of time than intended
• Desire or compulsion to take the drug with significant amount of time spent trying to obtain opioids
• Withdrawal symptoms if the drug is stopped or the amount taken is reduced
• The need for increased amounts of drug to achieve the original effects (tolerance)
• Social, recreational, occupational, or pleasurable activities are neglected
• Persistent use of narcotics even when evidence that is harmful to their body, mood, thinking, or actions
• Addiction is elevated narcotic abuse that becomes a craving, with compulsive need to use opioids and often self-destructive behavior